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  • Cited by 21
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
November 2012
Print publication year:
2012
Online ISBN:
9781139177986

Book description

By the end of the nineteenth century the global telegraph network had connected all continents and brought distant people into direct communication 'at the speed of thought' for the first time. Roland Wenzlhuemer here examines the links between the development of the telegraph and the paths of globalization, and the ways in which global spaces were transformed by this technological advance. His groundbreaking approach combines cultural studies with social science methodology, including evidence based on historical GIS mapping, to shed new light on both the structural conditions of the global telegraph network and the historical agency of its users. The book reveals what it meant for people to be telegraphically connected or unconnected, how people engaged with the technology, how the use of telegraphy affected communication itself and, ultimately, whether faster communication alone can explain the central role that telegraphy occupied in nineteenth-century globalization.

Reviews

'Wenzlhuemer's Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World is an important and useful book for historians of technology and capitalism. I wish it had been available when I wrote my own on the American telegraph industry.'

David Hochfelder Source: ICON: Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology

'… a well written and entertaining story about the technological development and the sociocultural impact of the actors and the structures of the telegraph in a globalising world in the second half of the nineteenth century.'

Michael Mann Source: H-Soz-u-Kult

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Contents

Bibliography

Archived documents

British Library, General Reference Collection, Shelfmark 8761.b.62, ‘Souvenir of the Inaugural Fête [Held at the house of Mr. John Pender], in Commemoration of the Opening of Direct Submarine Telegraph with India’, 23 June 1870.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4284, ‘Administration Report of the Indian Telegraph Department for 1862–63’, 1863.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4284, ‘Administration Report of the Indian Telegraph Department for 1862–63, 1863–64, 1864–65, and 1865–66’, 1866.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4284, ‘Administration Report of the Indian Telegraph Department for 1867–68 to 1870–71’, 1871.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4284, ‘Administration Report of the Indian Telegraph Department for 1871–72’, 1872.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4284, ‘Administration Report of the Indian Telegraph Department for 1872–73’, 1873.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4286, ‘Administration Report of the Indian Telegraph Department for 1880–81’, 1881.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4288, ‘Administration Report of the Indian Telegraph Department for 1899–1900’, 1900.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4288, ‘Administration Report of the Indian Telegraph Department for 1900–1901’, 1901.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4289, ‘Administration Report of the Indo-European Telegraph Department for 1873–74’, 1874.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4289, ‘Administration Report of the Indo-European Telegraph Department for 1878–79’, 1879.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4289, ‘Administration Report of the Indo-European Telegraph Department for 1882–83’, 1883.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4290, ‘Administration Report of the Indo-European Telegraph Department for 1889–90’, 1890.
British Library, Oriental Collections, IOR/V/24/4290, ‘Administration Report of the Indo-European Telegraph Department for 1892–93’, 1893.
British Telecom Archives, POST 33/1997, ‘Anglo-Australian Beam Service. Proposal Chess Match between House of Commons and Australian Commonwealth House of Representatives’, 25 June 1926.
British Telecom Archives, POST 33/2000, ‘Registered Telegraphic Addresses. Firms with Similar Names or Businesses, etc. Memorandum Agile (Electrodes) Limited to General Post Office’, 9 October 1933.
British Telecom Archives, POST 33/2000, ‘Registered Telegraphic Addresses. Firms with Similar Names or Businesses, etc. Letter from the Controller Central Telegraph Office to the Secretary General Post Office’, 17 November 1933.
British Telecom Archives, POST 33/2000, ‘Registered Telegraphic Addresses. Firms with Similar Names or Businesses, etc. Letter from Controller Central Telegraph Office to A. Arc Limited’, 8 December 1933.
British Telecom Archives, POST 33/2000, ‘Registered Telegraphic Addresses. Firms with Similar Names or Businesses, etc. Letter from A. Arc Limited to Controller Central Telegraph Office’, 12 December 1933.
British Telecom Archives, POST 33/2000, ‘Registered Telegraphic Addresses. Firms with Similar Names or Businesses, etc. Letter from Agile (Electrodes) Limited to the Telegraph & Telephone Department General Post Office’, 5 October 1934.
British Telecom Archives, POST 81/12, ‘British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Co (formerly the English Telegraph Company) Circuit Returns – Metropolitan and “A” to “M”’, 1868.
British Telecom Archives, POST 81/13, ‘British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Co (formerly the English Telegraph Company) Circuit Returns “N” to “Z” and Scotland and Ireland’, 1868.
British Telecom Archives, POST 81/51, ‘Electric and International Telegraph Co Circuit Returns – Metropolitan and “A” and “B”’, 1868.
British Telecom Archives, POST 81/52, ‘Electric and International Telegraph Co Circuit Returns, “C” to “H”’, 1868.
British Telecom Archives, POST 81/53, ‘Electric and International Telegraph Co Circuit Returns, “I” to “O”’, 1868.
British Telecom Archives, POST 81/54, ‘Electric and International Telegraph Co Circuit Returns, “P” to “T”’, 1868.
British Telecom Archives, POST 81/55, ‘Electric and International Telegraph Co Circuit Returns, and Scotland “U” to “Y”’, 1868.
British Telecom Archives, POST 81/77, ‘United Kingdom Electric Telegraph Company, Circuit Returns from Offices in the Metropolitan, English and Scottish Districts’, 1868.
British Telecom Archives, POST 82/70, ‘List of Codes and Telegraph Stations in the United Kingdom’, 1876.
British Telecom Archives, POST 82/71, ‘List of Codes and Telegraph Stations in the United Kingdom’, 1882.
British Telecom Archives, POST 82/72, ‘List of Codes and Telegraph Stations in the United Kingdom’, 1885.
British Telecom Archives, POST 82/73, ‘List of Codes and Telegraph Stations in the United Kingdom’, 1889.
British Telecom Archives, POST 82/181, ‘Re-arrangement of the Metropolitan Telegraph System’, 1869.
British Telecom Archives, POST 82/209, ‘Reports by Mr. F. E. Baines, the Surveyor General for Telegraphs. Quarterly Report of the Surveyor-General for Telegraph Business to the Secretary’, 14 January 1879.
British Telecom Archives, POST 82/303, ‘Telegraphs. Return of Persons Employed; Wages; Average Weekly Messages’, 1869–72.
Cable & Wireless Archive, 1998–44, ‘Memorandum to Morse Staff’, 1879.
Cable & Wireless Archive, DOC/CW/7/15, ‘Commercial Pacific Cable Company 1934 to 1935’, 1934/35.
Cable & Wireless Archive, DOC/E&ATC/7/1, ‘Correspondence regarding censorship. 1914 to 1918’, 1914–18.
Cable & Wireless Archive, DOC/EEACTC/1/13, Minute Book No 5, ‘Eastern Extension Company. Minute Books of the Board’, 29 January 1896.
Cable & Wireless Archive, DOC/ETC/7/15/4, ‘Porthcurno Station Correspondence. Memorandum to Staff Ln Inst’, 9 September 1878.
Cable & Wireless Archive, DOC/ETC/7/15/9, ‘Porthcurno Station Correspondence. Return of Number of Errors made during February 1879’, 7 July 1879.
Cable & Wireless Archive, DOC/ETC/7/15/11, ‘Porthcurno Station Correspondence. Return of Number of Errors made during March 1879’, 31 July 1879.
Cable & Wireless Archive, DOC/ETC/7/33, ‘Letters and Memo’s re Traffic Matters. Including Prospectus’es of Several Early Cable Companies. 1883–1896’, 15 January 1879.
Cable & Wireless Archive, DOC/I&IC/1/9, ‘Imperial and International Communications Ltd., Report of the Directors. 1929 to 1933’, 1929–33.
Cable & Wireless Archive, exhibited in display window at the Porthcurno Telegraph Museum, ‘Porthcurno Station Correspondence. Return of Number of Errors made during April 1879’, 14 August 1879.
Cable & Wireless Archive, exhibited in display window at the Porthcurno Telegraph Museum, ‘Porthcurno Station Correspondence. Return of Number of Errors made during May 1879’, 18 September 1879.
Cambridge South Asian Archive, Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge, Kenyon (E. A.) Papers, Kenyon, Eustace Alban, ‘Letter to Mary’, 9 July 1885.
Cambridge South Asian Archive, Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge, Kenyon (E. A.) Papers, Kenyon, Eustace Alban, ‘Letter to Mother’, 1 February 1885.
Cambridge South Asian Archive, Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge, Kenyon (E. A.) Papers, Kenyon, Eustace Alban, ‘Letter to Tizie’, 9 March 1891.
ITU Archives, Bureau international de l’Union télégraphique, ‘Carte schématique des grandes communications télégraphiques internationales du régime européen’, 1923.
ITU Archives, Bureau international de l’Union télégraphique, ‘Statistique générale de la télégraphie’, 1910.
ITU Archives, Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques, ‘Carte des communications télégraphiques du régime extra-européen’, 1881.
ITU Archives, Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques, ‘Carte des communications télégraphiques de régime extra-européen’, 1892.
ITU Archives, Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques, ‘Cartes des communications télégraphiques du régime extra-européen’, 1902.
ITU Archives, Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques, ‘Liste des communications télégraphiques internationales directes du régime européen. Annexe à la carte des communications télégraphiques du régime européen – édition 1906’, 1906.
ITU Archives, Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques, ‘Statistique générale de la télégraphie dans les différents pays de l’ancien continent’, 1849–69.
ITU Archives, Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques, ‘Statistique générale de la télégraphie dans les différents pays de l’ancien continent’, 1870.
ITU Archives, Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques, ‘Statistique générale de la télégraphie’, 1880.
ITU Archives, Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques, ‘Statistique générale de la télégraphie’, 1890.
ITU Archives, Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques, ‘Statistique générale de la télégraphie’, 1900.
National Archives, BT 41/225/1269, ‘English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company’, 1844–c.1860.
National Archives, BT 41/321/1847, ‘International Telegraph Company’, 1844–c.1860.
National Archives, BT 41/88/501, ‘British Electric Telegraph Company’, 1844–c.1860.
National Archives, CAB 16/14, ‘Standing Sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Submarine Cable Communication in Time of War. Report with Table and Appendices’, December 1911.
National Archives, RAIL 236/718/22, ‘Inhabitants of Tattershall for Installation of Telegraph Communication at Tattershall instead of Dogdyke. Letter Francis P. Cockshott to Earl Fortescue’, 2 October 1867.
National Archives, RAIL 236/718/22, ‘Inhabitants of Tattershall for Installation of Telegraph Communication at Tattershall instead of Dogdyke. Letter Seymour Clarke to James Banks Stanhope’, 7 October 1867.
National Archives, RAIL 236/718/22, ‘Inhabitants of Tattershall for Installation of Telegraph Communication at Tattershall instead of Dogdyke. Memorial’, 1867.
National Archives, T 1/15916, ‘Telegraph Service at Newmarket Race Meetings: Transport for Telegraphists and Provision of Improved Accommodation. Letter John Manners, GPO, to Treasury’, 5 February 1879.
Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org), t18470920–2217, ‘Proceedings of the Central Criminal Court. Trial of John Hutchings’, 20 September 1847.

Hansard and Parliamentary Papers

Hansard. vol. 302 cols. 314–17, ‘House of Commons Debate’, 25 January 1886.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, 416, ‘Electric Telegraphs. Returns of the Names of All Railway Companies in the United Kingdom Which Construct or Use Electric Telegraphs as Part of Their Undertaking; of the Number of Miles of Telegraph, Both Authorised and Constructed, and of the Number of Stations and Places Communicating with Such Telegraphs; and, of the Places of Connection, and the Length of Each Submarine Telegraph Connected with any Place in the United Kingdom’, 1867–8.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, 3723, ‘Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the Year 1865’, 1866.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, C. 202, ‘Electric Telegraphs. Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons, Dated 3 April 1868; – for, Copy “of Reports to the Postmaster General by Mr. Scudamore upon the Proposal for Transferring to the Post Office the Control and Management of the Electric Telegraphs throughout the United Kingdom”’, 1867–8.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, C. 304, ‘Telegraphs. Report by Mr. Scudamore on the Re-organization of the Telegraph System of the United Kingdom’, 1871.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, C. 437, ‘Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the Year 1870’, 1871.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, C. 1571, ‘Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the Year 1875’, 1876.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, C. 1584, ‘Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on Railways in India for the Year 1875–76’, 1876.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, C. 2920, ‘Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the Year 1880’, 1881.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, C. 4690, ‘Burmah, No 2 (1886). Telegraphic Correspondence Relating to Military Executions and Dacoity in Burmah’, 1886.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, C. 9247, ‘Pacific Cable Committee. Report, Minutes of Proceedings, &c.’, 1899.
House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, Cd. 1056, ‘Cable Communications Report of the Inter-departmental Committee on Cable Communications’, 1902.

Nomenclatures

Les communications sous-marines du globe’, Journal télégraphique 3, no 12 (1875), 224–8.
Nomenclature des cables formant le réseau sous-marin du globe dressée d’après des documents officiels par le Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques’, Journal télégraphique 3, no 29 (1877), 575–90.
Nomenclature des cables formant le réseau sous-marin du globe dressée d’après des documents officiels par le Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques’, Journal télégraphique 7, no 5 (1883), 113–35.
Nomenclature des cables formant le réseau sous-marin du globe dressée d’après des documents officiels par le Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques’, Journal télégraphique 11, no 4 (1887), 97–126.
Nomenclature des cables formant le réseau sous-marin du globe dressée d’après des documents officiels par le Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques’, Journal télégraphique 13, no 9 (1889), 213–43.
Nomenclature des cables formant le réseau sous-marin du globe dressée d’après des documents officiels par le Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques’, Journal télégraphique 16, no 4 (1892), 97–131.
Nomenclature des cables formant le réseau sous-marin du globe dressée d’après des documents officiels par le Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques’, Journal télégraphique 18, no 10 (1894), 277–316.
Nomenclature des cables formant le réseau sous-marin du globe dressée d’après des documents officiels par le Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques’, Journal télégraphique 21, no 11 (1897), 265–311.
Nomenclature des cables formant le réseau sous-marin du globe dressée d’après des documents officiels par le Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques’, Journal télégraphique 25 (1901), 121–71.
Nomenclature des cables formant le réseau sous-marin du globe dressée d’après des documents officiels par le Bureau international des administrations télégraphiques’, Journal télégraphique 27 (1903), 1–56.

Other documents

Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 110, ‘An Act to Enable Her Majesty’s Postmaster General to Acquire, Work and Maintain Electric Telegraphs’, 1868.
Documents de la Conférence télégraphique internationale de Vienne, Vienna: Imprimerie impériale et royale de la cour et de l’état, 1868.
Documents diplomatiques de la Conférence télégraphique internationale de Paris, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1865.
The India List and India Office List for 1905 Compiled from Official Records by Direction of the Secretary of State for India in Council, London: Harrison and Sons, 1905.

Newspaper articles and caricatures

‘Another Case of Poisoning’, The Times, 30 August 1847.
‘The Arrival of the Simla at Marseilles Presents’, The Times, 4 April 1857.
‘Australia’, The Times, 4 April 1857.
‘Burmah’, The Times, 21 January 1886.
‘The Calcutta Telegraph’, The Times, 19 February 1869.
‘The Charges against Colonel Hooper’, The Times, 8 September 1886.
‘The District Telegraph. Invaluable to the Man of Business’, Punch, or the London Charivari44, no 10 (January 1863).
‘The Electric Telegraph’, The Times, 8 October 1847.
‘The English Raj in India’, The Times, 7 October 1858.
‘The Enthusiastic Meeting Which Yesterday’, The Times, 30 November 1892.
‘How the Electric Telegraph Saved India’, Daily News, 29 September 1897.
‘The Government Telegraph’, Friend of India, 20 October 1864.
‘Latest Intelligence. The United States’, The Times, 8 January 1867.
Lloyd’s List, 25 August 1858.
‘Positive Fact, of Course’, Punch’s Almanack42 (January–June 1862).
‘The Post Office and the Telegraphs’, The Times, 7 December 1870.
‘Pursuit o’ Knowledge’, Punch, or the London Charivari62, no 6 (April 1872).
‘The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo’, Punch, or the London Charivari103, no 10 (December 1892).
‘The Salt-Hill Murder. Execution of John Tawell’, The Times, 29 March 1845.
‘Ship News’, The Times, 24 August 1858.
‘Shipping Intelligence’, The Times, 25 August 1858.
‘Suspected Murder at Salt-Hill’, The Times, 3 January 1845, 7.
‘Tales of the Telegraph’, Chambers’s Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts no 843 (1880).
‘Telegraph between England and India’, The Times, 17 March 1860.
‘The Telegraph Frauds in India’, Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper, 31 March 1861.
‘Town Telegraphs’, Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News, 31 July 1863.

Software

Forestry GIS (fGIS) Version 2005.09.13. University of Wisconsin.
MapWindow GIS: Open Source Programmable Geographic Information System Tools Version 4.8 RC1. Idaho State University, Pocatello.
UCINET for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis Version 6.288. Analytic Technologies, Cambridge, MA.

Articles and books

Adams, J. M.Development of the Anglo-Indian Telegraph’, Engineering Science and Education Journal 6, no 4 (1997), 140–48.
Ahmadi, Farajollah.Linking India with Britain: The Persian Gulf Cables, 1864–1907’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Exeter, 2003).
Ahvenainen, Jorma.The European Cable Companies in South America before the First World War. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 2004.
Ahvenainen, Jorma.The Far Eastern Telegraphs: The History of Telegraphic Communications between the Far East, Europe and America before the First World War. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 1981.
Ahvenainen, Jorma.The International Telegraph Union: The Cable Companies and the Governments’, in Communications under the Seas: The Evolving Cable Network and Its Implications, edited by Bernard Finn and Daqing Yang. Cambridge, MA, London: The MIT Press, 2009, 61–79.
Ahvenainen, Jorma.The History of the Caribbean Telegraphs before the First World War. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 1996.
Ahvenainen, Jorma.The Role of Telegraphs in the 19th Century Revolution of Communications’, in Kommunikationsrevolutionen: Die neuen Medien des 16. und 19. Jahrhunderts, edited by Michael North. Cologne: Böhlau, 1995, 73–80.
Ahvenainen, Jorma.Telegraphs, Trade and Policy. The Role of the International Telegraphs in the Years 1870–1914’, in Commercial and Financial Services, edited by Ranald C. Michie. Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1994, 505–15.
Allain, Jean-Claude.Strategic Independence and Security of Communications: The Undersea Telegraph Cables’, in Nationhood and Nationalism in France: From Boulangism to the Great War 1889–1918, edited by Robert Tombs. London and New York: HarperCollinsAcademic, 1991, 267–78.
Andrews, Melodie.“What the Girls Can Do”: The Debate over the Employment of Women in the Early American Telegraph Industry’, Essays in Economic and Business History 8 (1990), 109–20.
Aschoff, Volker.Aus der Geschichte der Nachrichtentechnik. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1974.
Aschoff, Volker.Aus der Geschichte der Telegraphen-Codes. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1981.
Aschoff, Volker.Nachrichtentechnische Entwicklung in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Volume 2: Geschichte der Nachrichtentechnik. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris and Tokyo: Springer, 1987.
Aschoff, Volker.Paul Schilling von Canstatt und die Geschichte des elektromagnetischen Telegraphen. Munich, Oldenbourg and Duesseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1977.
Baark, Erik.Lightning Wires: The Telegraph and China’s Technological Modernization, 1860–1890, Contributions in Asian Studies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997.
Baia Curioni, Stefano, and Luca Fantacci. ‘Telegraphy and New Financial Procedures’, in Communication and Its Lines: Telegraphy in the 19th Century among Economy, Politics and Technology, edited by Andrea Giuntini. Prato: Istituto di studi storici postali onlus, 2004, 83–98.
Barton, Ellen L.The Grammar of Telegraphic Structures: Sentential and Nonsentential Derivation’, Journal of English Linguistics 26, no 1 (1998), 37–67.
Barton, Roger Neil.Brief Lives: Three British Telegraph Companies 1850–56’, International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology 80, no 2 (2010), 183–98.
Barton, Roger Neil.New Media: The Birth of Telegraphic News in Britain 1847–68’, Media History 16, no 4 (2010), 379–406.
Basse, Dieter.Wolff’s Telegraphisches Bureau 1849 bis 1933: Agenturpublizistik zwischen Politik und Wirtschaft, Kommunikation und Politik. Munich and New York: K. G. Saur, 1991.
Bayly, Christopher A.Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Beauchamp, Ken G.History of Telegraphy, IEE History of Technology Series. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001.
Bektas, Yakup.Displaying the American Genius: The Electromagnetic Telegraph in the Wider World’, British Journal for the History of Science 34, no 2 (2001), 199–232.
Bektas, Yakup.The Sultan’s Messenger: Cultural Constructions of Ottoman Telegraphy, 1847–1880’, Technology and Culture 41, no 4 (2000), 669–96.
Bell, Duncan S. A.Dissolving Distance: Technology, Space, and Empire in British Political Thought, 1770–1900’, Journal of Modern History 77, no 3 (2005), 523–62.
Belliger, Andréa, and David J. Krieger. ‘Einführung in die Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie’, in ANThology: Ein einführendes Handbuch zur Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie, edited by Andréa Belliger and David J. Krieger. Bielefeld: transcript, 2006, 13–50.
Beyrer, Klaus.Die optische Telegraphie als Beginn der modernen Telekommunikation’, in Vom Flügeltelegraphen zum Internet: Geschichte der modernen Telekommunikation, edited by Hans-Jürgen Teuteberg and Cornelius Neutsch. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998, 14–26.
Beyrer, Klaus, and Birgit-Susann Mathis, eds. So weit das Auge reicht: Die Geschichte der optischen Telegrafie. Karlsruhe: Braun, 1995.
Blok, Aad, and Gregory Downey, eds. Uncovering Labour in Information Revolutions, 1750–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Blondheim, Menahem.News over the Wires: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844–1897. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Blondheim, Menahem.Rehearsal for Media Regulation: Congress versus the Telegraph-News Monopoly, 1866–1900’, Federal Communications Law Journal 56, no 2 (2004), 299–328.
Blondheim, Menahem.“Slender Bridges” of Misunderstanding: The Social Legacy of Transatlantic Cable Communications’, in Atlantic Communications: The Media in American and German History from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century, edited by Norbert Finzsch and Ursula Lehmkuhl. Oxford, New York: Berg, 2004, 153–69.
Bonacich, Phillip.Factoring and Weighting Approaches to Status Scores and Clique Identification’, Journal of Mathematical Sociology 2 (1972), 113–20.
Bonacich, Phillip.Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures’, American Journal of Sociology 92, no 5 (1987), 1170–82.
Bonea, Amelia.The Medium and Its Message: Reporting the Austro-Prussian War in the Times of India’, in Historical Social Research – Historische Sozialforschung. Global Communication: Telecommunication and Global Flows of Information in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century, edited by Roland Wenzlhuemer. Cologne: Center for Historical Social Research, 2010, 167–87.
Boyce, Robert.Imperial Dreams and National Realities: Britain, Canada and the Struggle for a Pacific Telegraph Cable, 1879–1902’, English Historical Review 115, no 460 (2000), 39–70.
Boyce, Robert.The Origins of Cable and Wireless Limited, 1918–1939: Capitalism, Imperialism, and Technical Change’, in Communications under the Seas: The Evolving Cable Network and Its Implications, edited by Bernard Finn and Daqing Yang. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press, 2009, 81–114.
Boyce, Robert.Submarine Cables as a Factor in Britain’s Ascendancy as a World Power, 1850–1914’, in Kommunikationsrevolutionen: Die neuen Medien des 16. und 19. Jahrhunderts, edited by Michael North. Cologne: Böhlau, 1995, 81–99.
Brendecke, Arndt.Imperium und Empirie: Funktionen des Wissens in der Spanischen Kolonialherrschaft. Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau, 2009.
Brittain, James E.Scanning the Past: Morse and the Telegraph’, Proceedings of the IEEE 79 (1991), 591–2.
Britton, John A., and Jorma Ahvenainen. ‘Showdown in South America: James Scrymser, John Pender, and United States–British Cable Competition’, Business History Review 78 (2004), 1–27.
Brodie, Robert N.“Take a Wire, Like a Good Fellow”: The Telegraph in the Canon’, Baker Street Journal: An Irregular Quarterly of Sherlockiana 41, no 3 (1991), 148–52.
Bühlmann, Elisabeth.La ligne Siemens: La construction du télégraphe indo-européen 1867–1870. Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang, 1999.
Buschauer, Regine.Mobile Räume: Medien- und diskursgeschichtliche Studien zur Tele-Kommunikation. Bielefeld: transcript, 2010.
Carey, James W.Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society, edited by David Thorburn, Media and Popular Culture: A Series of Critical Books. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989.
Carey, James W.Technology and Ideology: The Case of the Telegraph’, Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies 8 (1983), 303–25.
Carré, Patrice A.From the Telegraph to the Telex: A History of Technology, Early Networks and Issues in France in the 19th and 20th Centuries’, Flux 11 (1993), 17–31.
Carrington, Peter J., John Scott and Stanley Wasserman. Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Castells, Manuel.End of Millennium. Malden: Blackwell 1998.
Castells, Manuel.Epilogue: Informationalism and the Network Society’, in The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age, edited by Pekka Himanen, 155–78. New York: Random House, 2001.
Castells, Manuel.The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban–Regional Process. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.
Castells, Manuel.Informationalism, Networks, and the Network Society: A Theoretical Blueprint’, in The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, edited by Manuel Castells. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2004, 3–45.
Castells, Manuel.The Power of Identity. Malden: Blackwell, 1997.
Castells, Manuel.The Rise of the Network Society. Malden: Blackwell 1996.
Cecil, Edward.The Leisure of an Egyptian Official. London: Century Publishing, 1984.
Celoria, Francis.Early Victorian Telegraphs in London’s Topography, History and Archaeology’, in Collectanea Londiniensia: Studies in London Archaeology and History Presented to Ralph Merrifield, edited by Joanna Bird, Hugh Chapman and John Clark. London: London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, 1978, 415–35.
Chiles, James R.The Cable under the Sea’, American Heritage of Invention & Technology 3 (Fall 1987), 34–41.
Choi, Junho H., George A. Barnett, and Bum-Soo Chon. ‘Comparing World City Networks: A Network Analysis of Internet Backbone and Air Transport Intercity Linkages’, Global Networks 6, no 1 (2006), 81–99.
Choudhury, Deep Kanta Lahiri.“Beyond the Reach of Monkeys and Men”? O’Shaughnessy and the Telegraph in India circa 1836–56’, Indian Economic and Social History Review 37, no 3 (2000), 331–59.
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